Commentary By: Christopher Johnson, MSIV and Glenn Matfin, MD Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, Divsion of Endocrinology
When was the last time you had a diabetic patient in clinic whose hemoglobin A1C was elevated, prompting you to modify their diabetic regimen? You may have scheduled a repeat hemoglobin A1C in 3 months, since you know A1C measures glycemic control over a 3 month period. A serum fructosamine may help give you a snapshot of more recent control.
What is fructosamine?
Fructosamine is a compound that is formed by the non-enzymatic reaction between fructose and ammonia or an amine, with a molecule of water being released. Fructosamines are also formed when the carbonyl group of glucose reacts with an amino group of a protein. When fructosamines are formed from blood proteins such as albumin, they are known as Glycated Serum Protein or Glycated Albumin. Since albumin has a much shorter half-life than hemoglobin, serum fructosamine generally reflects the state of glycemic control for only the preceding 2 weeks.
Is serum fructosamine level a useful test?
Fructosamine testing has been available since the 1980s as a monitoring tool to help diabetics control their blood sugar. The test for serum fructosamine is simpler and less costly than that for hemoglobin A1C, but at present is less frequently used. The level of fructosamine correlates well with fasting glucose and with hemoglobin A1C levels [1]. This correlation is strengthened when the fructosamine level takes into account the serum albumin concentration [2]. For several years, there was a home fructosamine meter that allowed patients to monitor their own fructosamine weekly, but it was taken off the market by the manufacturer because of inaccurate readings.
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recognizes the utility of both tests, and says that fructosamine may be a better choice when A1C cannot be reliably measured. These situations include:
1) The evaluation of changes in diabetic treatment, since the effects of adjustment can be evaluated after a couple of weeks rather than months.
2) In pregnancy, since the glucose and insulin needs of the mother and fetus change rapidly during gestation.
3) Any condition that affects the average age of red blood cells, such as hemolytic anemia, sickle cell anemia, or blood loss. Fructosamine is not affected by such conditions, and may be a better choice for monitoring glucose control.
When is fructosamine not a useful test?
Measured fructosamine may be falsely low in the setting of decreased protein levels, such as nephrotic syndrome or hepatic disease. Further, because of lack of standardization and concern with reproducibility, fructosamine is not recommended for routine use, or as a replacement or supplement for A1C when the A1C appears to be providing an accurate representation of glycemic control.
How is a serum fructosamine level interpreted?
As with many lab values, the reference range is different from lab to lab, so all results must be interpreted within the context of the institution you are practicing in.
As a guideline, each 75 umol change equals a change of approximately 60 mg/dl blood sugar or 2% HbA1c. Here is a rough conversion chart:
Glucose (mg/dl) Fructosamine (umol) HbA1C (%)
90 212.5 5.0
120 250 6.0
150 287.5 7.0
180 325 8.0
210 362.5 9.0
240 400 10.0
270 437.5 11.0
300 475 12.0
330 512.5 13.0
360 550 14.0
References:
(Table from http://www.healthyinfo.com/clinical/endo/dm/hga1c.test.shtml)
[1] Guillausseau P-J, Charles M-A, Godard V, Timsit J, Chanson P, Paolaggi F et al. Comparison of fructosamine with glycated hemoglobin as an index of glycemic control in diabetic patients. Diabetes Research, 1990. 13:127-131.
[2] Hom FG, Ettinger B, Lin MJ. Comparison of serum fructosamine vs glycohemoglobin as measures of glycemic control in a large diabetic population. Acta Diabetologica, 1998. 35:48-51.
http://sfx.med.nyu.edu/sfxlcl3?genre=article&id=pmid:9625289&_char_set=utf8
Image of Diabetic Rat Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons (not from a New York City Taco Bell)
3 comments on “When Should You Order a Serum Fructosamine Level for a Diabetic Patient?”
do you know of a conversion factor for fructosamine to convert from mmol/l to umol/l, thanks in advance
The fructosamine test had been popular in the 1980. Doctors would use it and compare to the a1c to see if recent control was better or worse than control over the previous 3 months. I had one of the machines in my office and it did not correlate with fasting sugars, my judgement of control using the patient logs, or the A1C. I stopped using it as did many others and it lost popularity. Insurance companies are using the A1C as a metric to judge the quality of care and no matter if the A1C is better or worse, it has to be done. Insurance companies are not consistently covering the fructosamine test which is slowing down its resurgence for specific indications.
we have a new thing in market..glycated albumin..can anybody tell me about that.as far as i know it reflects the glycemic control for last 2 3 weeks
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